{
  "scope": "Direct oral NAD+ only. Precursor and NADH trials are not counted.",
  "studies": [
    {
      "id": "renewal-nad-2026",
      "title": "RENEWAL-NAD+: five days of proprietary oral LNAD+",
      "citation": "Kornilov SA et al. GeroScience. 2026.",
      "doi": "10.1007/s11357-026-02399-1",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42530810/",
      "design": "Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled Phase 0/1b trial",
      "population": "Adults aged 45 to 75 years, described as healthy; substantial disease exclusions",
      "randomized": 60,
      "treated_and_sampled": 51,
      "primary_analysis": 50,
      "primary_groups": {
        "LNAD+": 23,
        "placebo": 27
      },
      "duration": "5 days of dosing; final blood draw on Day 6",
      "formulation": "LathMized NAD+ oral powder with polyethylene glycol filler; swish and swallow",
      "dose": "Published methods: 2,000 mg/day as four 500 mg doses, plus an extra 500 mg at night on Days 2 and 3; authors describe 11 g cumulative NAD+.",
      "dose_note": "Powder is described as 50% NAD+ and 50% PEG. Registry wording also describes 500 mg total treatment, so active-versus-powder mass is not fully consistent across sources. These are reported protocol amounts, not a capsule-equivalent dosing recommendation.",
      "outcomes": [
        {
          "measure": "Whole-blood NAD, model-estimated relative difference versus placebo",
          "day": 4,
          "percent": 38.2,
          "ci95": [
            29.1,
            48.0
          ],
          "p": "4.11e-12"
        },
        {
          "measure": "Whole-blood NAD, model-estimated relative difference versus placebo",
          "day": 6,
          "percent": 53.0,
          "ci95": [
            41.2,
            65.7
          ],
          "p": "5.48e-14"
        }
      ],
      "plasma": "No significant change at Day 6, p = 0.60",
      "secondary": "No secondary clinical, vital-sign, wellbeing or wearable-derived endpoint survived multiplicity correction.",
      "safety": "One mild Grade 1 nausea event in LNAD+; symptom incidence comparable between groups, p = 0.68.",
      "limitations": [
        "Short exposure and small sample",
        "Retrospective registration",
        "One placebo participant excluded after unblinding; sensitivity analysis reportedly similar",
        "Sponsor-funded proprietary formulation",
        "Whole blood is not a direct measurement of brain, muscle or mitochondrial NAD",
        "No established equivalence to conventional or liposomal NAD+ capsules"
      ]
    }
  ]
}