03 / READ THE HUMAN STUDIES
Keep each ingredient in its own lane.
Dose, population and method change what a result can tell us. Open each study for more detail.
NMN alone
NMN ONLY · Yoshino et al. · Science · 2021
A targeted muscle-metabolism signal
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial · 25 postmenopausal women with prediabetes and overweight or obesity · 250 mg oral NMN/day · 10 weeks
What happened: Muscle insulin sensitivity increased 25 ± 7% relative to the NMN group’s baseline; placebo showed no significant change. [1]
The boundary: This was not improved insulin sensitivity in every organ, weight loss or diabetes prevention.
Methods, results, dose and limitations
Who and what: 13 women received NMN supplied by Oriental Yeast; 12 received placebo. The study used swallowed NMN, without resveratrol.
Method: a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with tracers assessed glucose handling during controlled insulin exposure. Muscle biopsies assessed signaling and NAD-related biology. Blood-cell NAD+ rose, but steady-state muscle NAD+ did not.
Results: insulin-stimulated glucose disposal per kg fat-free mass rose after NMN (within-group p < 0.01); the three-way interaction was p = 0.022. Muscle insulin-signaling proteins responded. Liver and adipose-tissue insulin sensitivity, fasting metabolic measures, body composition and physical performance did not improve.
Limits and safety: a small, selected female population and short exposure. No adverse events or standard-blood-test abnormalities were reported, which does not establish long-term safety. The paper reports commercial relationships and NMN-related intellectual-property interests among authors.
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NMN ONLY · Yi et al. · GeroScience · 2023, online 2022
A blood biomarker changed; not every metabolic measure did
Randomized multicenter double-blind dose-ranging trial · 80 healthy adults aged 40–65 · 300, 600 or 900 mg/day · 60 days
What happened: Serum total NAD (NAD+ plus NADH) increased and six-minute walking outcomes favored NMN. [2]
The boundary: HOMA-IR did not show a significant benefit. Serum total NAD is not the same as NAD+ in whole blood, muscle or brain.
Methods, results, dose and limitations
Design: 20 participants per group received placebo or one of three NMN doses. AbinoNutra NMN was supplied in 150 mg capsules; no resveratrol was given. Measurements were taken at baseline, day 30 and day 60.
Outcomes: serum total NAD, measured with a colorimetric assay, was the primary endpoint. Walking performance and other health measures were secondary. A calculator-derived biological-age value stayed unchanged with NMN while increasing with placebo; this was not demonstrated reversal of aging.
Limits: small groups, many secondary endpoints and ingredient-company sponsorship. Different blood compartments and assays cannot be placed on a single NAD-boost scale. No NMN-related adverse events were reported over 60 days; effects over years remain uncertain.
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NMN ONLY · POOLED EVIDENCE · Chen et al. · Current Diabetes Reports · online 2024
The broader metabolic picture was neutral
Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis · 8 RCTs, 342 participants · 250–2,000 mg/day · 14 days to 12 weeks
What happened: No significant pooled benefit on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR or lipid profile. [3]
The boundary: These routine metabolic outcomes differ from the muscle clamp endpoint. A null pooled result is not proof that every possible NMN effect is absent.
Methods, results, dose and limitations
Evidence base: trials published in 2021–2023, mainly relatively healthy, non-diabetic middle-aged or older adults. Doses and populations varied, and each endpoint used the trials reporting it.
Interpretation: the review does not confirm broad improvements in glucose or cholesterol control. Its trial participants overlap individual studies summarized here and must not be counted as additional independent participants.
Access and limits: primary review abstract verified. It does not supply numerical pooled estimates or confidence intervals, so pooled benefit sizes are not charted here. Small trials and brief follow-up limit conclusions for people with established disease or long-term use.
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Resveratrol alone
RESVERATROL ONLY · Timmers et al. · Cell Metabolism · 2011
A promising metabolic pilot
Randomized double-blind crossover trial · 11 men with obesity, otherwise healthy · 150 mg/day resVida · 30 days per period
What happened: The HOMA index was 2.80 ± 0.20 after placebo and 2.43 ± 0.24 after resveratrol (mean ± SEM, p = 0.03). Several other metabolic markers also favored resveratrol. [4]
The boundary: HOMA is an estimate from fasting blood tests, not the clamp test used in the NMN study. These outcomes cannot be added together.
Methods, results, dose and limitations
Design and dose: each participant received 150 mg/day of 99% resveratrol (resVida) and placebo in separate 30-day periods, with a four-week washout. DSM Nutritional Products provided the ingredient.
Table 2 results: glucose was 5.28 ± 0.15 versus 5.06 ± 0.13 mmol/L (placebo versus resveratrol, p = 0.05); insulin was 11.94 ± 1.11 versus 10.31 ± 1.25 mU/L (p = 0.04). The HOMA difference was −0.37 index units. Values are endpoint means ± SEM, not individual starting values.
Other findings: selected blood-pressure, liver-fat and mitochondrial measures improved. Body mass did not. Eleven men, numerous measurements and one month per treatment make this an exploratory study, not a reliable prediction for a retail blend or longer life.
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RESVERATROL ONLY · NULL · Poulsen et al. · Diabetes · 2013
A higher dose did not reproduce the metabolic benefit
Randomized double-blind parallel placebo-controlled trial · 24 otherwise healthy men with obesity · 1,500 mg/day · 4 weeks
What happened: The primary insulin-sensitivity outcome did not significantly improve. Neither did HOMA-IR, fasting glucose or fasting insulin. [5]
The boundary: More milligrams did not mean a better result in this experiment. Different designs and populations prevent a simple dose ranking.
Methods, results, dose and limitations
Method and exposure: 26 men enrolled and 24 were analyzed, 12 per arm. Participants took 500 mg trans-resveratrol three times daily or placebo for four weeks. One participant withdrew because of MRI claustrophobia; another was excluded after a generalized rash. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, a controlled physiological test rather than a fasting-blood estimate.
Results: the primary clamp endpoint was null. Body composition and the broader metabolic evaluation did not support the favorable general metabolic picture of the earlier pilot.
Limits: only 24 men and brief treatment. A null result at 1,500 mg/day does not prove all other doses are ineffective, but it does challenge the idea that increasing the dose reliably improves metabolism. No NMN was administered.
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RESVERATROL ONLY · Thaung Zaw et al. · Clinical Nutrition · 2021, online 2020
Small cognitive-test gains in postmenopausal women
Double-blind randomized crossover trial · 125 postmenopausal women aged 45–85 · 75 mg trans-resveratrol twice daily · 12 months per treatment period
What happened: Overall cognitive performance favored resveratrol, with a small standardized effect (Cohen’s d = 0.170; p = 0.005). Cerebrovascular measures also improved. [6]
The boundary: This is a small test-score effect, not demonstrated dementia prevention, a percentage increase in intelligence or evidence for the combination.
Methods, results, dose and limitations
Design: a 24-month study with 12 months of resveratrol and 12 months of placebo, switching treatments. It was not 24 continuous months of active supplementation. Cognition was the primary outcome; cerebrovascular and cardiometabolic outcomes were secondary.
Results: resting cerebral blood-flow velocity had d = 0.275 (p = 0.001); responsiveness to carbon dioxide had d = 0.307 (p = 0.027). These are standardized effects, not percent changes in brain blood flow or memory.
Limits: the primary abstract reports a relative cognitive percentage without explaining its denominator. The small standardized effect is therefore more interpretable here. Absolute cognitive-score changes, detailed attrition and washout information were not verified from full text. Related reports from RESHAW describe the same trial, not independent replications. Dementia incidence was not established as improved.
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RESVERATROL ONLY · NULL · Nguyen et al. · PLOS Medicine · 2024
No advantage for knee pain in ARTHROL
Phase 3 double-blind placebo-controlled trial · 142 adults with painful knee osteoarthritis · soluble resveratrol · 6 months
What happened: At three months, pain changed by −15.7 points with resveratrol and −15.2 with placebo. The reported difference was −0.6 points (95% CI −8.0 to 6.9; p = 0.88). [7]
The boundary: Both groups continued usual care. Improvement from baseline does not establish that resveratrol caused the improvement.
Methods, results, dose and limitations
Dose and preparation: 40 mg twice daily for the first week, then 20 mg twice daily for the remainder of six months. This was a patented soluble preparation supplied by Yvery, not a generic micronized retail capsule and not a blend with NMN.
Method: three French tertiary centers randomized 71 people per arm. Mean age was 61.4 years. The primary outcome was change in knee pain at three months on a 0–100 numeric rating scale. Mean baseline pain was 56.2/100 overall.
Results: no superiority on primary pain reduction. The 95% confidence interval spans benefit and harm; this does not establish precise equivalence. The resveratrol change CI was −21.1 to −10.3; placebo was −20.5 to −9.8.
Limits: recruitment stopped below target; 120 of 142 completed the allocated intervention. Seven primary-outcome values were missing. Adherence and background care affect interpretation. Better absorption, by itself, did not ensure a positive clinical result.
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RESVERATROL + EXERCISE · NO NMN · Gliemann et al. · Journal of Physiology · 2013
Adding an antioxidant did not reliably enhance training
Randomized placebo-controlled study · 27 physically inactive older men · 250 mg/day trans-resveratrol or placebo · 8 weeks of high-intensity training
What happened: The increase in maximal oxygen uptake was smaller with resveratrol than with placebo. Several other training endpoints were mixed. [8]
The boundary: This is a caution about selected training adaptations, not proof that resveratrol cancels exercise or harms all users.
Methods, results, dose and limitations
Design: 14 men received resveratrol and 13 placebo, both with exercise training. Mean age was about 65. No NMN was given.
Results: the primary abstract reports a greater increase in maximal oxygen uptake in the placebo group. It also reports blood-pressure and lipid findings favoring placebo in selected analyses, while other outcomes were unaffected.
Interpretation matters: subsequent commentary challenged broad “abolished benefit” language and noted that a significant within-group change in one arm but not another is not automatically a significant between-group difference. Many outcomes were similar. This small study does not support a universal performance benefit or a blanket claim of harm. [11]
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